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ImagineFX – April 2011
ImagineFX – April 2011
English | 116 pages | PDF | 50.63 MB
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read morePhotografare in Digitale Magazine March 2011
Photografare in Digitale Magazine March 2011
Italian | 100 Pages | 53MB | PDF
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read moreThe Interesting “DIFFERENCES”
Difference Between War and Battle
Battle: -
An encounter between opposing forces: an important battle in the Pacific campaign.
Armed fighting; combat: wounded in battle.
A match between two combatants: trial by battle.
A protracted controversy or struggle: won the battle of the budget.
An intense competition: a battle of wits.
read moreUse of L1 in the L2 in Classroom
The issue of the use of students’ first language (L1) in the second language (L2) classroom has been debated for many years. Steven Krashen, with his Natural Approach to language acquisition, proposed that students learn their second language much in the same way that they learn their first, and that L2 is best learned through massive amounts of exposure to the language with limited time spent using L1 (Tang, 2002). However, in recent years, focus has been shifting towards inclusion of L1 in the language classroom. Research has shown that the occasional use of L1 by both students and teachers increases both comprehension and learning of L2 (Cook, 2001; Tang, 2002; Wells, 1999).Teacher use of L1Teachers often use L1 in beginning and intermediate classes to:• give instructions• explain meanings of words• explain complex ideas• explain complex grammar points (Tang, 2002)Many teachers find that the use of some L1 provides more time to practice L2 because understanding is achieved much more rapidly. The key with teacher use of L1 is that it be used for clarification purposes, after an attempt has been made to communicate ideas in L2 and students still appear to be confused. The idea is that L1 serves a “supportive and facilitating role in the classroom” (Tang, 2002), and not that it is the primary language of communication. L1 use also allows students to become more aware of the similarities and differences between cultures and linguistic structures, and thusmay improve the accuracy of translations. Finding cognates and similarities between languages builds up “interlinked L1 and L2 knowledge in the students’ minds” (Cook, 2001).Student use of L1Students often use L1 when doing pair work to construct solutions to linguistic tasks and evaluate written language. The use of L1 allows them to work within their Zone of Proximal Development, as proposed by Vygotsky (Wells, 1999). By working in pairs and using L1 intermittently with L2, students may be cognitively processing at a higher level with regard to linguistic tasks than if they were limited only to communicating in the language they are trying to learn. L1 vocabulary allows learners to use language which they may not yet possess in L2 in order to process ideas and reach higher levels of understanding. This applies both to social talk between partners and private talk intended for the learner alone. Social talk, as the name implies, is talk between peers for the purpose of conversing. Private talk is when learners talk themselves through a learning process. For example, in private talk, they might utter a non-standard L2 phrase and then self-correct: “No, wait, …(L2 phrase corrected).” Private talk can also be used to deconstruct grammar in real-time as the speaker is using it, such as: “I like the milk…the milk? No, I like milk.” However, it is important to point out that students who use L1 for communicative purposes in the classroom must also be expected to use L2 in the classroom to practice its use.Students use L1 while speaking in order to:• ask each other clarifying questions• express frustrations concerning their lack of understanding• clarify meaning of words in L2• find new words in L2 which correspond to already known words in L1• use language to process complex concepts• build shared meaning while evaluating written tasks through shared discussionL1 use in written tasks is especially valuable because it helps to clarify and build meaning. It allows learners to repeatedly evaluate and clarify communication with regard to choice of content and register appropriate to the task (Wells, 1999). This re-evaluation is often done orally, in conversation with a peer or teacher or in private talk. Collaborative dialogue allows learners to build linguistic understanding concerning a number of language tasks. As Cook stated in her article “Using the First Language in the Classroom” (2001), “L1 provides scaffolding for the students to help each other.”L1 with respect to cultural and linguistic identityStudent attitude toward learning L2 greatly impacts their learning experience aswell as the quantity and purpose of their L1 use in the classroom. Students who are forced to learn a language they do not identify with or find to be relevant will be more likely to overuse L1 to stay within their area of comfort. Many students find the exclusion of their mother tongue to be degrading to that tongue (Tang, 2002). On the other hand, if students feel that their home language is a valuable part of the language learning process, they are less likely to feel resentful about learning a second language.ConclusionThe use of L1 in the L2 classroom by both teachers and students can be beneficial in the language learning process and may even be necessary for increased comprehension and acceptance of the new language by the language learners. This use of L1 is forclarifying purposes and should not be the primary mode of communication either by the students or teacher(s) in the L2 classroom. Once an appropriate balance is achieved, the use of L1 will enhance an L2 classroom.ReferencesCook, V. (2001). Using the First Language in the Classroom. Canadian Modern Language Review, 57(3).Tang, J. (2002). Using L1 in the English classroom. English Teaching Forum, 40(1), 36-43. Retrieved Aug 10, 2007, from http://exchanges.state.gov/forum/vols/vol40/no1/p36.htm#topWells, G. (1999). Using L1 to master L2: A response to Anton and DiCamilla’s “Socio-cognitive functions of L1 collaborative interaction in the L2 classroom.” The Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 248-254.
read moreElements of an Effective Speech
Everyone is looking forward to present him/herself even better to create a great Impression. Presentations have to be More Interesting, More Concise, More Powerful, and More Persuasive.
More than Half the world is composed of people who have something to say but they can’t. The other half has nothing to say and keep saying it. Anyone can give a speech but not an effective one. Here you have following six elements to enhance your presentation as well as speaking. To give an effective speech there are 6 elements you should consider.
- Be Prepared – Being prepared is by far the most important element. How many times do you practice your speech? As a general rule, you should spend about 30 hours of preparation and rehearsal time for every hour you will be speaking. Use a tape recorder or videotape yourself. This will help you to get an accurate picture of how you speak.
- Give of Yourself – Use personal examples and stories in your speech whenever possible. Make sure your stories help to emphasize or support your point. The stories must match your message. Use examples from your personal and professional life to make your point. In either case be willing to give of yourself by sharing some of yourself with the audience.
- Stay Relaxed – To stay relaxed you should be prepared. Also, focus on your message and not the audience. Use gestures, including walking patterns. Practice the opening of your speech and plan exactly how you will say it. The audience will judge you in the first 30 seconds they see you.
- Use Natural Humor – Don’t try to be a standup comedian. Use natural humor by poking fun at yourself and something you said or did. Be sure NOT to make fun of anyone in the audience. People will laugh with you when you poke fun at yourself but don’t overdo it.
- Plan Your Body & Hand Positions – During the practice of your speech look for occasions where you can use a gesture. Establish three positions where you will stand and practice not only how to move to them but where in your speech do you move. Pick three positions, one on center stage, one to your right, and one to your left. Do not hide behind the lectern. When you do move maintain eye contact with the audience
- Pay attention to all details – Make sure you have the right location (school, hotel, room & time). Make sure you know how to get to where you are speaking. Ask how large an audience you will be speaking to. Make sure you bring all your visual aids and plenty of handouts. Arrive early so you can check out where you will be speaking and make any last minute adjustments.
It is very important that you pay attention to even the smallest details. You can never over plan. Remember, “He who fails to plan is planning for failure”
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